Here’s a list of words derived from classical history and mythology, as defined by Le Mot Juste: A Dictionary of Classical and Foreign Words and Phrases:
Achilles’ heel. (Greek) Weak spot, point vulnerable to attack; in Homer’s Illiad, Achilles was protected at every point except his heel, into which Paris shot an arrow and killed him.
Cassandra. (Greek) (One who makes) an unheeded prophecy; Cassandra, the priestess and daughter of Priam, King of Troy, was gifted with prophecy but doomed never to be believed.
Draconian. (Greek) Harsh, severe, rigorous; from Draco, the 7th century B.C. Athenian lawgiver, who demanded the death penalty for almost any infringement of his code.
Epicurean. (Greek) One preferring sensual pleasures, hedonist, follower of Epicurus; Epicurus was a philosopher who taught that fulfillment lay in self-satisfaction and the absence of fear.
Hydra. (Greek) Something which is difficult to extinguish; the Hydra was a serpent whose heads multiplied as they were cut off.
Laconic. (Greek) Brief, terse, concise; Laconia, another term for Sparta, was noted for the austerity of its customs.
Lethean. (Greek) Forgetful, unable to recollect past events; Lethe was a river in Hades that produced amnesia in those who traveled along it.
Nemesis. (Greek) Retribution, personification of divine wrath; Nemesis was the goddess of vengeance.
Oedipus. (Greek) One who solves riddles. Oedipus solved the Sphinx’s riddle; he was the son of Laius and Jocasta and, unaware of his parentage, killed his father and married his mother. Hence the term Oedipus complex: the name given to Freud’s theory that a male child is sexually attracted to his mother and jealous of his father.
Pandora’s box. (Greek) Source of great and unexpected troubles; Pandora was the first woman on Earth who, by disregarding the order not to open the box she had been given, released all the troubles and sins which beset human beings.
Pyrrhic. (Latin) Victory gained at too high a cost; from Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who defeated the Romans as Asculeum in 279 B.C., but was as much weakened in victory as his enemy in defeat.
Tantalus. (Greek) Something which can be seen but not obtained; Tantalus, the son of Zeus, was condemned in Tartarus to stand in water that receded when he attempted to drink it and under fruit that moved away when he tried to touch it.